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## compute |kəmˈpjuːt|
verb [ with obj. ]
reckon or calculate (a figure or amount): _the hire charge is computed on a daily basis._
* [ no obj., with negative ] informal seem reasonable; make sense: _the idea of a woman alone in a pub did not compute._[from the phrase _does not compute_, once used as an error message in computing.]
ORIGIN early 17th cent.: from French _**computer**_ or Latin _**computare**_, **_from com- ‘together’ + putare ‘to settle (an account)’_**.
![](http://www.bobmockford.co.uk/calculating/reckoner/Ready%20Reckoner.jpg)
## reckon |ˈrɛk(ə)n|
verb
@ -28,22 +23,31 @@ noun [ mass noun ]
ORIGIN Old English _(ge)recenian_‘recount, relate’, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch _**rekenen**_ and German _**rechnen ‘to count (up)’**_. Early senses included ‘give an account of items received’ and ‘mention things in order’, which gave rise to the notion of ‘calculation’ and hence of ‘being of an opinion’.
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![](http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/Images%20web%20site/Image%20files/R%20Images/images/Ready%20Reckoner.calcul%20des%20paymens.1691.sample%20table%20page.jpg)
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[Things that Count](http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.TheModernEpochAndTheEmergenceOfTheModernCalculator)
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## compute |kəmˈpjuːt|
verb [ with obj. ]
reckon or calculate (a figure or amount): _the hire charge is computed on a daily basis._
* [ no obj., with negative ] informal seem reasonable; make sense: _the idea of a woman alone in a pub did not compute._[from the phrase _does not compute_, once used as an error message in computing.]
ORIGIN early 17th cent.: from French _**computer**_ or Latin _**computare**_, **_from com- ‘together’ + putare ‘to settle (an account)’_**.
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![http://www.tnmoc.org/explore/colossus-gallery](http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/11_02/ColossusoldDM_1000x693.jpg)
> To accomplish reason able results in a reasonable time, it thus became necessary to push the speed of the elementary processes to the maximum, and to avoid interrupting the stream of these processes by steps of an essentially slower nature. It also became necessary to perform the individual processes with so high a degree of accuracy that the enormous repetition of the elementary processes should not bring about a cumulative error so great as to swamp all accuracy. Thus the following requirements were suggested:
1. That the central adding and multiplying apparatus of the computing machine should be numerical, as in an ordinary adding machine, rather than on a basis of measurement, as in the Bush differential analyzer.
2. That these mechanisms, which are essentially switching devices, should depend on electronic tubes rather than on gears or mechanical relays, in order to secure quicker action.
3. That, in accordance with the policy adopted in some existing apparatus of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, it would probably be more economical in apparatus to adopt the scale of two for addition and multiplication, rather than the scale of ten.
4. That the entire sequence of operations be laid out on the machine itself so that there should be no human intervention from the time the data were entered until the final results should be taken off, and that all logical decisions necessary for this should be built into the machine itself.
5. That the machine contain an apparatus for the storage of data which should record them quickly, hold them firmly until erasure, read them quickly, erase them quickly, and then be immediately available for the storage of new material.
-- Norber Wiener, _Cybernetics_ 1948
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[Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.](http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html)
> 4 Digital Computers
> The idea behind digital computers may be explained by saying that these machines are intended to carry out any operations which could be done by a human computer. The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail. We may suppose that these rules are supplied in a book, which is altered whenever he is put on to a new job. He has also an unlimited supply of paper on which he does his calculations. He may also do his multiplications and additions on a "desk machine," but this is not important.
@ -56,5 +60,23 @@ ORIGIN Old English _(ge)recenian_‘recount, relate’, of West Germanic origin;
> Most actual digital computers have only a finite store. There is no theoretical difficulty in the idea of a computer with an unlimited store. Of course only a finite part can have been used at any one time. Likewise only a finite amount can have been constructed, but we can imagine more and more being added as required. Such computers have special theoretical interest and will be called infinitive capacity computers.
[Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.](http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html)
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![](http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/still-image/Bush-Vannevar/bush_vannevar_differential_analyzer.c1930.102618648.lg.jpg)
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Norber Wiener, _Cybernetics_
> To accomplish reason able results in a reasonable time, it thus became necessary to push the speed of the elementary processes to the maximum, and to avoid interrupting the stream of these processes by steps of an essentially slower nature. It also became necessary to perform the individual processes with so high a degree of accuracy that the enormous repetition of the elementary processes should not bring about a cumulative error so great as to swamp all accuracy. Thus the following requirements were suggested:
1. That the central adding and multiplying apparatus of the computing machine should be numerical, as in an ordinary adding machine, rather than on a basis of measurement, as in the Bush differential analyzer.
2. That these mechanisms, which are essentially switching devices, should depend on electronic tubes rather than on gears or mechanical relays, in order to secure quicker action.
3. That, in accordance with the policy adopted in some existing apparatus of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, it would probably be more economical in apparatus to adopt the scale of two for addition and multiplication, rather than the scale of ten.
4. That the entire sequence of operations be laid out on the machine itself so that there should be no human intervention from the time the data were entered until the final results should be taken off, and that all logical decisions necessary for this should be built into the machine itself.
5. That the machine contain an apparatus for the storage of data which should record them quickly, hold them firmly until erasure, read them quickly, erase them quickly, and then be immediately available for the storage of new material.
-- Norber Wiener, _Cybernetics_ 1948 p.4
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